Grapes (scientific name: Vitis vinifera L.) is a woody vine plant of the Vitis genus Vitis, with cylindrical branchlets, longitudinal ribs, glabrous or sparsely pilose, ovoid leaves, dense or scattered panicles, and well-developed bases. , The fruit is spherical or oval, flowering period from April to May, fruit period from August to September.
Grape is one of the oldest fruit tree species in the world. The plant fossils of grapes were found in the tertiary strata, indicating that they had spread throughout Europe, Asia and Greenland at that time. Grapes are native to western Asia and are cultivated all over the world. About 95% of grapes around the world are concentrated in the northern hemisphere.
Grape is a famous fruit, eaten raw or made raisins, and made wine. The tartaric acid can be extracted from the wine feet after winemaking. The roots and vines can be used for medicinal purposes to relieve nausea and fetus.
Morphological characteristics
Woody vine. Branchlets are cylindrical, with longitudinal ribs, glabrous or sparsely pilose. Tendrils are bifurcated and branched, intermittently opposite to the leaves every two nodes.
The leaves are ovoid, conspicuously 3-5 lobed or mid-lobed, 7-18 cm long, 6-16 cm wide, the middle lobes are sharply pointed at the top, the lobes are often close, the base is often constricted, the cleavage is narrow, sometimes broad, The base is deep heart-shaped, the base is concave into a circle, the sides are often close together, the edges have 22-27 serrations, the teeth are deep and thick, irregular, the teeth are sharply pointed, green on the top, light green on the bottom, without hair or quilt Sparse pilose
5 basal veins, 4-5 pairs of lateral veins in the middle vein, and reticular veins are not prominent
petiole is 4-9 cm long, almost glabrous
stipules fall early.
Panicles are dense or sparse, many flowers, opposite to the leaves, the base part is well-branched, 10-20 cm long, peduncle 2-4 cm long, few hairless or sparse spider filamentous hairs
pedicel length 1.5-2.5 mm , Glabrous
flower buds are obovate, 2-3 mm high, and the tip is nearly round
the calyx is shallow dish-shaped, with wavy edges, and glabrous on the outside
petals 5, cap-shaped glued off
stamens 5, filamentous , 0.6-1 mm long, yellow anthers, ovoid, 0.4-0.8 mm long, significantly short and aborted or completely regressed in female flowers
well-developed discs, 5-lobed
pistil 1, completely regressed in male flowers, ovary Oval, short style, enlarged stigma.
The fruit is spherical or elliptical, 1.5-2 cm in diameter
the seeds are obovate-elliptic, with a short and round top and a short beak at the base. The hilum is elliptical in the middle of the back of the seed. The seed ridge is slightly protruding, and the ventral ridge is protruding. The depressions on both sides are wide and groove-shaped, reaching 1/4 of the seed upwards. Flowering period from April to May, fruit period from August to September.
Growth environment
temperature
The minimum temperature required for grape growth is about 12℃-15℃, the lowest ground temperature is about 10℃-13℃, the optimum temperature for flowering is about 20℃, and the optimum temperature for fruit expansion is 20℃-30℃. If the temperature difference between day and night is large, the coloring and sugar content are better. After the grapes sprout in spring. If the temperature rises quickly, it will easily cause the branches to grow long, which is manifested as the length of the festival is not full, and the flowering period is prone to poor fertilization. In the case of spring cold, pay attention to applying more phosphate fertilizer and high-carbon organic matter, and minimize nitrogen fertilizer.
Moisture
Grapes have high requirements for moisture, and strict control of soil moisture is a prerequisite for good grapes. Grapes require a lot of water in the early or vegetative growth period. In the later or fruiting period, the roots are weaker and require less water. Avoid damage to the roots to avoid affecting the quality. Grapes avoid rain and dew. Rainy years can easily cause insufficient sunshine and limited photosynthesis. Excessive water absorption can easily lead to long branches and high humidity, which can easily cause various diseases, such as black pox and gray mold. Therefore, it is ideal to keep the branches at 40-70 cm during the flowering period
the irrigation amount during the fruiting period in areas prone to cracking fruits should also be controlled. In water-deficient and drought-prone areas, appropriate padding of rice straws should be used to maintain soil moisture and control the growth of grasses at the same time.
illumination
Grapes must have a certain intensity of light during the normal growth period, but when the light is too strong, especially when the grapes enter the hard-core stage, sunburn is more likely to occur. At this time, bagging or plant leaves can be retained as much as possible to cover the